Artificial Intelligence-an Emerging Intelligence

ABSTRACT

Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the complex software that performs tasks in a way similar to human brains, often by sensing and responding to a feature of their environment which mean learning to solve problems in unexpected ways, recognizing the nuances of speech or exhibiting some form of human-like-creativity. AI mainly includes the statistics which are human-made and these data bases and codes are programmed into the software to perform tasks mimicking humans. Thus Artificial Intelligence works with the help of artificial neurons (Artificial Neural Network)which are composed of interconnecting artificial neuron programming constructs that mimic the properties of biological neurons thus testing the machine’s ability to demonstrate intelligence. With the advent of this new technology which is very fast, it has made human life so easy and simple that it is now used in almost every sector of life – may it be in profession or in person. This article is an attempt to introduce and highlight various pros and cons of AI in our everyday life.
Key Words: Artificial Intelligence (AI), algorithms, Robot, Artificial Neural Netwok, databases.

INTRODUCTION

Humans have long been obsessed with creating Artificial Intelligence ever since the idea of AI was proposed by Alan Turning in 1950 and John McCarthy in 1956 – thinking “can machines think???” – and the answer is YES. The sooner we understand and accept the fact, it is better because Artificial Intelligence is found to have a profound impact on our lives and it is there almost everywhere – may it be the automate everyday tasks, marketing, finances, educational institutes, entertainment sector, space stations, customer related issues, help doctors diagnose patients and many more.^1,2 Thus the need of the hour is to understand and accept the fact that Artificial Intelligence is not going to go anywhere anytime soon.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the complex software that performs tasks in a way similar to human brains, often by sensing and responding to a feature of their environment. This could mean learning to solve problems in unexpected ways, recognizing the nuances of speech or exhibiting some form of human-like-creativity.³ AI mainly includes the statistics which are human-made and these data bases are programmed into the software to perform tasks mimicking humans.^4,5 Thus by definition, AI is a field of science and engineering concerned with the computational understanding of what is commonly assessed as an intelligent behavior and with the creation of artifacts which exhibit such behavior.⁶

MODE OF ACTION 7

Artificial Intelligence works with the help of artificial neurons (Artificial Neural Network) and scientific theorems which are composed of interconnecting artificial neuron programming constructs that mimic the properties of biological neurons thus testing the machine’s ability to demonstrate intelligence. The machine further detects and analyzes the hand labeled images further providing the data without the help of hand which is explained as deep learning. The statistics and algorithms created further by these are converted into programming languages which are used to develop an Artificial Intelligence.^6,7

ADVANTAGES 2,6

Artificial Intelligence can build systems that exhibit an intelligent behavior so as to understand intelligence in order to model it.

1. AI are the Robotic Assistant who can assist and streamline nearly any task. This ability to comprehend large amounts of data quickly produces a fast data from AI.
2. Google: Introduced by Surgey Brin in 1998, the google AI has an internet search engine which uses algorithms to retrieve and search data. Eg. When you type SDM, it gives the names of various educational institutes of SDM.
3. Mobile Check Deposits: AI helps to make mobile payments very secure by identifying complex facial algorithms.
4. AI is useful in the Ridesharing Apps like Uber and Lyft.
5. Email : AI can recognize the finger pressure on the keyboard and prevent hacking of the email.
6. Geofilters: AI can help in sharing the geographic location or help to track location of an individual.
7. Plagarism check
8. Statistics
9. Agriculture : AI helps to detect diseases in plants and pests.
10. Autonomous vehicles: These are the biggest applications of AI reducing pollution, traffic, road safety and thus protecting the environment.
11. Biometrics and face identification: When an algorithm code is created and used in the software, an artificial neural network is created which helps in face detection.
12. SIRI : It is a spin-off from the project originally developed by SRI International AI Centre and has a speech recognition which uses advanced machine learning tools to function.
13. Artificial Intelligence technology can work selfless with no breaks without getting easily tired.

BENEFITS

1. Incorporating AI into an office is like having your own personal Robotic Assistant who can assist and streamline nearly any task. AI can process and analyze huge amounts of data and help with management decisions, in the marketing sector AI helps to resolve customer-related-issues, turning customer experiences into sales, remembering online shopping preferences and create algorithms to forecast growth.⁷
2. AI can increase the workplace productivity and can pay a very big impact on the business growth as one doesn’t have to perform menial tasks in the job as the computer would manage referrals, update information, co-ordinate schedules thus providing a leeway to focus on a big picture strategy.^6,7
3. AI have the potential to be virtually error-free and work with 100% accuracy.
4. AI aren’t clouded with emotions and thus help in practical decision making when compared to humans.
5. AI helps in personalization: In the education sector, AI can organize questions for students to progress. Depending on the Intelligent Quotient (IQ) or category for slow learners, AI can accordingly frame questions. Databases like Phython AI are used in the libraries.^6,8
6. Vedio Games: AI that is used in the vedio game - SHOOTER feels really natural giving human minds and brain a harder challenge.^7,8
7. Google assistant, microsoft’s Cortona and amazon’s Alexa have algorithms with voice communication and voice commands wherein you can turn on the fans, lock home, play music ect and thus it can be very helpful for disabled or elderly people staying alone at home.⁸
8. Smart Watches and fitness apps use AI to keep a track on the fitness levels and assist the sportspersons and athletes to monitor various sports and fitness activities. AI-enabled wearable devices constantly monitor the user’s health to detect medical problems such as heart diseases before the symptoms present themselves. Thus AI has made life a lot easier and it is the thing to look forward weather one likes it or not.⁸

APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY

1. In the field of medicine and dentistry, Artificial Intelligence is useful in co-ordinating regular appointments, regular reminders about patients with any allergies, patients on tobacco and smoking cessation programmes and those with history of past medical emergencies. Thus AI machine helps the doctors to assess patients and their health risks.¹⁸
2. The Artificial surgery stimulator helps in detecting and monitoring neurological disorders, detect multiple sclerosis and stimulate brain functions.
3. In Radio surgery, AI is used to operate tumors without damaging the surrounding tissues.¹⁰
4. Detection of cancer at a very early stage.
5. In dentistry, AI is used to detect oral cancer and tumor of the lymph node.¹¹
6. AI has been used in cavity models, tooth-cusp assessment, cavity preparation in endodontics, treatment planning and decision making.¹²
7. Artificial Intelligence in Prosthetic Dentistry: AI has been used in CAD-CAM technology. It has a design assistant that considers various factors like anthropological calculations, facial measurements, ethnicity and patient preferences. With the help of Artificial Intelligence, the computer can actually guide the dentist during the entire procedure of making a digital impression and aid in making an ideal impression.¹³
8. Patcus. R et al¹⁴ conducted another observational study which illustrates that artificial intelligence (convolutional neural networks) might be considered to score facial attractiveness and apparent age in orthognathic patients. He also evaluated the facial attractiveness in cleft patients.¹⁴
9. Artificial Intelligence in Orthodontics:- Radiographic and photographic analysis by intraoral scanners and cameras can be done by AI and this eliminates the necessity for making patient impression as well as several laboratory steps and the results are usually much more accurate compared to human perception.AI also helps to plan the necessary teeth extractions prior to orthodontic treatment.¹⁷ The tooth movement and final treatment outcome can be predicted by using algorithms and statistical analysis. It can also be used to provide orthodontic consultations to general practitioners for the alignment of crowded lower teeth.¹³
10. Pain assessment: Xiao-Su Hu et al¹⁵ , Lim and Rhee (2009)¹⁶ conducted a study where artificial neutral network (3-layer NN) achieved an optimal classification accuracy at 80.37% for pain and no pain discrimination, thus assessing the severity of dental pain and disease.
11. AI is also used in Oral Implantology to prepare the implant surgical guides for implant placement.¹⁸

Although Artificial Intelligence is used in Dentistry, its practical applications are still in the teething stages due to the following reasons.^12,18

1. Dental databases are often relatively small and lack structure when compared to other databases in the AI realm. Medical and dental data from the electronic records show low variables completeness and sampling from such data leading to selection bias with overly sick or overly healthy individuals.
2. It is not possible to define a “hard” gold standard and there is no agreement on how many experts are required to label such “fuzzy” gold standard.
3. Outcomes of AI in dentistry are not often readily applicable and a single information provided will only perform partial complex decision making in the clinical use.¹²

DISADVANTAGES 6,12

1. Investing and setting up an Artificial Intelligence is very expensive.
2. Becoming too dependent of AI could reduce the creativity of human minds. With the concept of use and disuse as given by Darwin, too much dependency on AI with less use of human brains can make an individual dull and dumb.
3. Where most of the work in every sector would be done with AI, this can definitely give rise to unemployment issues.
4. Being too dependent on AI can make human beings lazy.
5. AI cannot replace empathy, emotions and human connections
6. AI does not have COMMON SENSE and it cannot really deal with “mixed” knowledge.
7. AI can raise legal and ethical concerns.

NEWER INNOVATIONS WITH AI 18

1. The MySQL and the ORACLE databases used with the facebook AI uses a PHP programming language and can post signals to people who are driven by suicidal tendencies wherein the AI machine sends posts and comments to friends to help identify users who are at risk.
2. AI SUPERINTELLIGENCE: QUANTAM AI known to work on a simple matrix principle helps to hack passwords or track the unethical hackers .
3. Chatbot companions like REPLIKA and SOPHIA induce and focus on emotional connection and can be a good mentor, friend or a romantic partner.

Thus Artificial Intelligence works with the concept of Intelligence Augmentation which is meant to enhance human intelligence rather than replace it.^9,18

SUMMARIZE

AI will undoubtedly play a large role in the future of work and life. As the technology grows, one of the important thing as individuals can do is to “learn how to learn”. Many of the skills and programs learned in schools and inside our organizations and even recently will all be outdated. But the ability to learn new things and to apply those learnings to new situations and scenarios will always be valued and will even be more important as the technological future changes.
We must also focus on bringing humanity into our organizations because it is the human soft skills along with the ability to be a perpetual learner will see much success. Lastly we must all be prepared for many potential futures since we don’t know how Artificial Intelligence will impact on our work and lives.

CONCLUSION

Although artificial intelligence is still in its budding stage, the prevailing researches have provided sufficient evidence of its efficacy. There is a common notion that artificial intelligence will replace the clinicians, which is why we humans have been quite skeptical in embracing it. As a matter of fact, the incorporation of these techniques will not only increase the efficiency of the specialists but also help in better patient care. It is important to understand that artificial intelligence has been given birth by humans, and it will never be able to enslave them in unfamiliar situations unless trained to do so. Thus the need of the hour is to embrace the fantasy, think as futurists and be prepared to go on an AI-Robotic roller coaster ride.

REFERENCES